In the 12th century, the Commune of Rome challenged papal authority, reviving the Roman Senate and reshaping medieval governance in the Eternal City.
The Rise of the Commune of Rome: A Medieval Republic Against Papal Power
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Papal Authority
The Guelphs and Ghibellines: Rome’s 13th-Century Power Struggle
In the 13th century, Rome was torn between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, factions fighting for control between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.
The Commune of Rome: The City’s Medieval Struggle for Independence
In the 12th century, the Commune of Rome emerged as citizens challenged papal rule, seeking self-governance and a return to the city’s republican past.
