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Pope John VIII’s Naval Victory at Circeo (AD 877): Defending Papal Rome from Saracen Incursions

In the turbulent latter half of the 9th century, as the Carolingian Empire fractured and new threats emerged from the south, Rome found itself perpetually vulnerable to external aggression. Among the most persistent and devastating were the incursions of Saracen...

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Explore the rise and fall of Ancient Rome with Historia Romana. Discover in-depth articles on battles, emperors, daily life, and engineering marvels that shaped the ancient world